A fundamental process culminating in the mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions is the regulation of trophic divergence into biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic interactions.Plant hormones, of almost all types, play significant roles in this regulatory apparatus.In plant-pathogen interactions, two classical mechanisms underlying hormone
Plague agent has a complex of adhesines providing for anchoring of the pathogen to target cells in a host organism and in many ways defining the onset, character, and development of the disease.The presence of adhesines ensures translocation of effector proteins into target cells of mammalians.The review covers the literature data, both on the most
The structure of dung beetle communities inhabiting tropical forests are known to be sensitive to many kinds of environmental changes such as microclimate related to vegetation structure.I examined Scarabaeinae assemblages in two sites of undisturbed high forest and two sites of low forest forming a transitional zone with the open habitat of an ins
Geographical indications (GIs) represent the main legal framework for protecting the tie between site-specific food products and their places of production.Climate change recently emerged as a major challenge to the framework, uncovering its inaptitude to account for shifting product identities.Scholarly studies have so far debated the main ecologi
It is well established that the intrauterine biological environment plays important roles in fetal development.In this review, we re-visit the hypothesis that testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC), especially in Hayward Salt adolescents and young adults, has been programmed in utero.The origin for extreme in utero environments is mostly maternal drive